Na José Miguel Muñoz Gómez - Ua kaulana nā laina polyethylene kiʻekiʻe no ka hana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pae ʻāina, mining, wai ʻino, a me nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi.ʻAʻole i kūkākūkā ʻia akā kūpono ka loiloi ʻana i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka footprint carbon i hāʻawi ʻia e nā geomembranes HDPE me nā pale kuʻuna e like me ka pālolo paʻa.
Hiki i kahi liner HDPE 1.5mm (60-mil) ke hāʻawi i kahi sila e like me 0.6m o ka lepo kiʻekiʻe, homogeneous compacted a hāʻawi i kahi permeability haʻahaʻa ma mua o 1 x 10–11 m/sec (ma ka ASTM D 5887).ʻOi aku ka HDPE geomembrane ma hope o nā ana impermeability a me ka hoʻomau i ka wā e nānā ai kekahi i ka moʻolelo ʻepekema piha, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai āpau a me ka ikehu i ka hana ʻana i ka pālolo a me nā geomembranes HDPE e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he papa pale.
Hāʻawi ke ʻano geosynthetic, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ʻikepili, kahi hopena ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni.
NA HI'O PA'I WAEWAI & HDPE GEOMEMBRANE
ʻO ka mea nui o HDPE ka monomer ethylene, i polymerized e hana i ka polyethylene.ʻO nā catalysts nui ka alumini trialkylitatanium tetrachloride a me ka chromium oxide
Hana ʻia ka polymerization o ka ethylene a me nā co-monomers i HDPE i loko o kahi reactor i mua o ka hydrogen ma kahi mahana a hiki i 110° C (230° F).Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pauka HDPE i loko o kahi pelletizer.
Hoʻohana ʻo SOTRAFA i kahi ʻōnaehana calandred (flat die) e hana i kāna HDPE geomembrane mua (ALVATECH HDPE) mai kēia mau pellets.
ʻIkepili GHG a me nā mea like CO2
ʻO nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i komo i loko o kā mākou loiloi kapuaʻi kalapona nā GHG mua i noʻonoʻo ʻia ma kēia mau kuʻuna: carbon dioxide, methane, a me nitrous oxide.He ʻokoʻa ka Global Warming Potential (GWP) i kēlā me kēia kinoea, ʻo ia ke ana o ka nui o ka nui o ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻomehana honua a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.
ʻO ka carbon dioxide ma ka wehewehe ʻana i hoʻopuka ʻia he GWP o 1.0.No ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā haʻawina o ka methane a me ka nitrous oxide i ka hopena holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka methane a me ka nitrous oxide e ko lākou mau kumu GWP a laila hoʻohui ʻia i ka nui o ka carbon dioxide e helu i kahi "carbon dioxide equivalent" nuipa. hoʻokuʻu.No nā kumu o kēia ʻatikala, ua lawe ʻia nā GWP mai nā waiwai i helu ʻia ma ke alakaʻi 2010 US EPA "Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions."
ʻO nā GWP no nā GHG i noʻonoʻo ʻia ma kēia ʻano loiloi:
Kalapona Dioxide = 1.0 GWP 1 kg CO2 eq/Kg CO2
Methane = 21.0 GWP 21 Kg CO2 eq/Kg CH4
Nitrous Oxide = 310.0 GWP 310 kg CO2 eq/kg N2O
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā GWP pili o nā GHG, ua helu ʻia ka nui o nā mea like kalapona (CO2eq) penei:
kg CO2 + (21.0 x kg CH4) + (310.0 x kg N2O) = kg CO2 eq
Manaʻo: ʻO ka ikehu, ka wai, a me ka ʻōpala mai ka unuhi ʻana i nā mea maka (ʻaila a i ʻole kinoea maoli) ma o ka hana ʻana i nā pellets HDPE a laila hana i ka geomembrane HDPE:
5 mm mānoanoa HDPE geomembrane, me ka mānoanoa 940 Kg/m3
ʻO ka wāwae kalapona HDPE he 1.60 Kg CO2/kg polyethylene (ICE, 2008)
940 Kg/m3 x 0.0015 mx 10,000 m2/ha x 1.15 (ka ʻōpala a me ka uhi ʻana) = 16,215 Kgr HDPE/ha
E = 16,215 Kg HDPE/Ha x 1.60 Kg CO2/kg HDPE => 25.944 Kg CO2 eq/ha
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka manaʻo: 15.6 m2 / kalaka, 1000 km mai ka hale hana hana a i kahi hana.
15 kg CO2/ gal diesel x gal/3,785 lita = 2.68 Kg CO2/lita diesel
26 g N2O/gal diesel x gal/3,785 lita x 0.31 kg CO2 eq/g N2O = 0.021 kg CO2 eq/lita diesel
44 g CH4/gal diese x gal/3,785 lita x 0.021 kg CO2 eq/g CH4 = 0.008 kg CO2 eq/lita diesel
1 lita diesel = 2.68 + 0.021 + 0.008 = 2.71 kg CO2 eq
Nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā huahana kaʻa ma ke alanui:
E = TMT x (EF CO2 + 0.021∙EF CH4 + 0.310∙EF N2O)
E = TMT x (0.972 + (0.021 x 0.0035)+(0.310 x 0.0027)) = TM x 0.298 Kg CO2 eq/ton‐mile
Ma hea:
E = Huina CO2 hoʻokuʻu like (kg)
TMT = Ton Miles Traveled
EF CO2 = kumu hoʻokuʻu CO2 (0.297 kg CO2/ton-mile)
EF CH4 = CH4 kumu hoʻokuʻu (0.0035 gr CH4/ton-mile)
EF N2O = N2O kumu kumu (0.0027 g N2O/ton-mile)
Ke hoʻololi nei i nā ʻāpana Metric:
0.298 kg CO2/ton-mile x 1.102 tons/tonne x mile/1.61 km = 0,204 kg CO2/tonne-km
E = TKT x 0,204 kg CO2 eq/tonne‐km
Ma hea:
E = Huina CO2 hoʻokuʻu like (Kg)
TKT = tona – kilomika Kaahele.
Ka mamao mai ka Mea Hana Hana (Sotrafa) a i ka Pae Hana (Hypothetical) = 1000 km
Kaumaha kalaka maʻamau: 15,455 kg/kālaka + 15.6 m2 x 1.5 x 0.94/kālaka = 37,451 kg/kālaka
641 kalaka/ha
E = (1000 km x 37,451 kg/kālaka x tona/1000 kg x 0.641 kalaka/ha) x 0.204 kg CO2 eq/tonne‐km =
E = 4,897.24 Kg CO2 eq/ha
Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o Geomembrane HDPE 1.5 mm Carbon Footprint
NA HI'O O NA LINI PALI PALI COMPACTED A ME KONA HEWAE KABONA
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā liner palolo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā kahiko ma ke ʻano he papa pale i nā loko wai a me nā hale hoʻopaʻa ʻōpala.ʻO nā koi hoʻoponopono maʻamau no nā liner pālolo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 0.6 m ka mānoanoa liʻiliʻi, me ka conductivity hydraulic kiʻekiʻe o 1 x 10–11 m/sec.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana: Ua ʻeli ʻia ka pālolo ma ke kumu hōʻaiʻē me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana maʻamau, e hoʻouka ana i nā mea ma luna o nā kaʻa hoʻokuʻu tri-axle no ka lawe ʻana i ke kahua hana.Manaʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia kalaka he 15 m3 o ka lepo paʻa.Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa o 1.38, ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻoi aku ma mua o 550 mau kalaka o ka lepo e pono ai ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi liner pālolo paʻa paʻa 0.6m mānoanoa ma luna o kahi ʻeka.
ʻO ka mamao mai ke kumu hōʻaiʻē a i ke kahua hana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, pili i ka pūnaewele a hiki ke ʻano like ʻole.No ka manaʻo o kēia loiloi, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi mamao o 16 km (10 mau mile).ʻO ka lawe ʻana mai ke kumu hōʻaiʻē pālolo a me ke kahua hana he mea nui ia o ka hoʻokuʻu kalapona holoʻokoʻa.ʻIke ʻia ka ʻike o ke kapuaʻi kalapona holoʻokoʻa i nā loli i kēia ʻano hoʻololi kikoʻī o ka pūnaewele.
Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka Paʻa Paʻa Paʻa Paʻa Paʻa
OLELO HOOLAHA
ʻOiai e koho mau ʻia nā geomembranes HDPE no ka hoʻokō ʻana ma mua o ka pōmaikaʻi o ka carbon footprint, kākoʻo hou nā helu i hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hopena geosynthetic ma ke kumu o ka hoʻomau ʻana me nā ʻōnaehana hana maʻamau.
E hōʻike ʻia nā Geomembranes e like me ALVATECH HDPE 1.5 mm no ko lākou kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, nā waiwai mechanical ikaika, a me nā ola lawelawe lōʻihi;akā, pono mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i ka manawa e hoʻomaopopo ai i kēia mea hāʻawi i ka helu kalapona wāwae he 3x haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka pālolo paʻa.ʻOiai inā e loiloi ʻoe i ka pālolo maikaʻi a me kahi kahua hōʻaiʻē he 16 km wale nō mai ke kahua o ka papahana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā geomembranes HDPE mai 1000 km mamao ma mua o ka pālolo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ana o ka wāwae kalapona.
Mai: https://www.geosynthetica.net/carbon-footprint-hdpe-geomembranes-aug2018/
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-28-2022